While some vehicles audi and bmw most recently use the abs system or indirect system to keep watch for a deflating tire most use a battery powered sensor based in the base of the valve stem assembly to give the most accurate read.
New tire pressure sensors.
A tire pressure sensor is a small programmable electronic device located in the pressurized pocket made by a wheel and tire that constantly measures the air pressure inside the tire.
This tpms sensor uses a lithium battery with a five to 10 year.
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When this warning lamp illuminates on your instrument panel at least one of your tires is 25 percent below its correct pressure.
Metal stems are more durable than traditional rubber ones fitted on non tpms cars but they can still wear out.